What does the Bible say about drugs, drinking, and smoking?

It is common for people to wonder what the Bible says about drugs, drinking, or smoking. This curiosity can be helpful, because it points to the more important discussion of the nature of sin. Let's explore the issue of drinking, smoking and drugs, beginning with alcohol.

What does the Bible say about drinking?

Despite various modern religious movements (primarily American) that considered alcohol consumption to be sinful, there’s no evidence for this idea in the Bible. On the contrary, alcohol consumption is presented as ordinary throughout the Biblical narratives, and we know that ancient Jews and Christians—and basically all ancient people—made and consumed alcohol. Wine, in particular, was seen as a sacred drink: wine was used ritually in almost every culture in the Greco-Roman world, including the early Christian liturgical service as the Blood of Christ in communion.

Some people argue that, because ancient people generally diluted their wine with water, they didn’t really experience the intoxicating effects of alcohol, and that intoxication is the aspect of drinking that is sinful. But this perspective is also a modern (usually American) one. The joyful effects produced by consuming alcohol are, again, presented as normal in the Bible. The most prominent example is in Psalm 104 (LXX 105) where wine is included in a list of good things that God provides for the Earth:

He makes the grass grow for the livestock and provides crops for man to cultivate,
bringing forth food from the earth: wine that gladdens the heart of man, oil that makes his face to shine, and bread that sustains his heart. (Psalm 104:14-15)

Bread, oil, and wine are all listed together as things that benefit man, indeed, that are provided for him by God. Each has a specific purpose: bread sustains him, oil makes him shine, and wine makes his heart glad. It’s clear that making the heart glad is the purpose of wine. That is the main effect of alcohol, and why alcohol is consumed in celebrations and on feasts. Solomon mentions this in Ecclesiastes 9:7 as well: “Go, eat your food with gladness, and drink your wine with a joyful heart.”

The times that the Bible cautions against alcohol use are all in the context of excess. Proverbs 23:20 warns not to “mix with winebibbers, or gluttonous eaters of meat, for drunkards and gluttons become poor.” In his letter to the Galatians, St. Paul explains that “the acts of the sinful nature are obvious” and lists drunkenness alongside orgies, reminding his readers that “those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God” (5:19-21). In his letter to the Ephesians he warns them, “do not get drunk on wine, which leads to debauchery” (5:18). Orgies, gluttony, and debauchery are all kinds of excesses; St. Paul is obviously not condemning the practice of eating food or having sex—that would be absurd. He is condemning the abuse of those things.

As countless theologians—from St. Augustine in the fourth century to C.S. Lewis in the twentieth—have pointed out, nothing is evil by nature. Evil happens when we take a good thing and corrupt it. Sex is good but it can be corrupted through rape or orgies; food is good but it is corrupted through gluttony; alcohol is good but is corrupted through drunkenness. The sins of the body tend to be perverted through excess.

The conclusion? The Bible says nothing against alcohol per se. Drink alcohol, drink it even unto merriment! But don’t drink to excess. And this was the consensus view among Christians, all across the world and over many centuries, until certain recent minority movements among American evangelicals.

What does the Bible say about drugs like weed or smoking tobacco?

The Bible doesn’t say anything about marijuana specifically, nor really anything about nicotine, tobacco, or the like. Because of that, very simply, we can’t say that the Bible says anything for or against these practices. Instead, we must infer whether smoking any particular thing is in keeping with a Christian way of life.

Most arguments against the use of cigarettes or marijuana in the Bible are these exact kind of inferences, but they tend to be very weak. Typically, they could apply to smoking, but could just as easily apply to other things.

Sometimes people cite verses about the sacredness of the gift of life (Acts 17:24-25 or Romans 12:1) to make the connection that substances which are toxic or shorten your life are somehow sinful, because it wastes the gift God has given you. This type of argument “proves too much”: many, many things have damaging or detrimental effects on our health, such as eating fast food, consuming processed foods, and leading a sedentary lifestyle. Are those things therefore sinful?

It’s true that there are many things that are unhealthy, and we should want, as much as possible, to take care of ourselves as much as we can. The reality, however, is that no matter what we do, every single one of us is going to die. An over-obsession with healthy living or living as long as possible is a distraction from the most important goal of a Christian life, which is to die well in preparation for the age to come and the return of Christ. This goal is more important than living a long life or even a healthy life, since length of days or quality of life don’t actually solve the inevitability of death. I myself eat very healthily, work out regularly, and care for my body, but not because I think it makes me more holy or that living longer is somehow more Christian.

What should we consider, therefore, when evaluating which behaviors to engage in or avoid? There are a few factors that to look for. Addiction is the main one. Many substances are addictive, and Christians have always viewed addiction as sin. In fact, one of the ancient Christian definitions of sin is as a kind of slavery: if you aren’t in control of yourself, if you can’t control your emotions without a chemical habit, then you are a slave to your emotions. Further, insofar as it is human to have the mind rule the body and the emotions, slavery to the emotions dehumanizes us.

This logic cautions us to avoid addictive substances like nicotine or recreational drugs. But I would argue that it applies to many, many things beyond drugs: sugar and internet addiction are well-studied behaviors that we know are massively addictive (and, for what it’s worth, that also have very bad health consequences). There’s no stigma against these behaviors in the way that there’s a stigma against recreational drug use, but if we’re really worried about being dehumanized by slavery to substances, sugar and dopamine addiction are certainly in the top tier of threats!

Another thing to avoid is the bad culture that’s often associated with those who abuse drugs and alcohol. Addicts often turn to theft or violence to support their drug habit. The binging of drunkards leads to a narrower, more excessive, enslaved lifestyle. Neither of these subcultures foster growth in virtue, and in my experience they generally work against it.

What is sin?

In the modern Western world, it’s very common to think about sin as a sort of spiritual crime. People who think this way generally want to make lists of exact crimes so that they know exactly where the line is in how much they can indulge themselves. They turn the Bible into a rulebook, an authority for their list of crimes, often to condemn others or justify themselves. This view twists the ideas of sin and holiness, departing from the early Christian picture of the issue.

The authors of the New Testament use different kinds of language to discuss the nature of sin and salvation, and while some of it is in terms of crime and punishment, much of it is not. Because of this variety, it’s important to look at the big picture. If I had to choose one analogy to describe the early Church’s picture of sin, it would be as a disease. The idea is that we are sick and unwell, that sin primarily makes us spiritually unhealthy. Spiritual sickness makes us worse versions of ourselves, less able to be in communion with others and with God. C.S. Lewis gives a vivid, profound picture of spiritual sickness in his short novel, The Great Divorce, in which he argues that people become less real the more they sin, and that being good and growing in holiness primarily means becoming more and more real as we draw closer to Reality Himself.

The Church has always curated lists of sins in order to diagnose them. You’ve probably heard of the Seven Deadly Sins; the original version of this list was first developed by early Christians who treated each sin as a specific ailment of the soul. It explained how to identify each sin and offered prescriptions for curing them.

It is important to consider your spiritual wellness. Do the substances in your life lead to sloth, idleness, anger, excess, or other kinds of enslavement? It’s easy to say, “No, it’s fine. I’ve got it under control,” because you want to keep doing it. But here’s a serious question: are you asking this question because you want to condemn someone else or feel less guilty about your own indulgences? Or are you asking because you want to know the path to being a better you?